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[[Image:Mosesfirstauthor.jpg|frame|Moses: Der erste Autor zum Thema Gesundheit von Jay Nelson - [http://store.nwcreation.net/mofiauofhe.html Buy it]]]
 
[[Image:Mosesfirstauthor.jpg|frame|Moses: Der erste Autor zum Thema Gesundheit von Jay Nelson - [http://store.nwcreation.net/mofiauofhe.html Buy it]]]
  
Viele der Gesundheitspraktiken des mosaischen Textes zeigen bemerkenswerte Voraussicht. Die mosaischen Gesetz verschreibt solide medizinische Prävention, während die medizinischen Dokumente der ägyptischen Nachbarn eine Mischung aus vernünftigen und unwirksamen Praktiken darstellt. <ref name=Allen/><ref name=Wise>Wise, David. "[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i1/hygiene.asp The first book of public hygiene]." ''Creation'' December 2003, 26(1):52-55. Accessed September 12, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/522/></ref>
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Viele der Gesundheitspraktiken des mosaischen Textes zeigen bemerkenswerte Voraussicht. Das mosaische Gesetz verschreibt solide medizinische Prävention, während die medizinischen Dokumente der ägyptischen Nachbarn eine Mischung aus vernünftigen und unwirksamen Praktiken darstellen. <ref name=Allen/><ref name=Wise>Wise, David. "[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v26/i1/hygiene.asp The first book of public hygiene]." ''Creation'' December 2003, 26(1):52-55. Accessed September 12, 2008. Also hosted at <http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/522/></ref>
  
 
Max Neuberger, schreibt in seiner "Geschichte der Medizin":
 
Max Neuberger, schreibt in seiner "Geschichte der Medizin":
''"Die Gebote betreffen Prophylaxe und Unterdrückung von Epidemien, <ref name=Wise2>Wise, David A. "[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v17/i1/medicine.asp  Modern medicine? It's not so modern]!" ''Creation ex nihilo'', December 1994, 17(1):46-49. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Vorbeugung von Geschlechtskrankheiten und Prostitution, Hautpflege, Bäder, <ref name=Garner>Garner, Carl B. "[http://www.swsbs.edu/pages/writings/Garner/disease.html WASH YOUR HANDS]!" Southwest School of Bible Study, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Nahrung, Unterkunft und Kleidung, Regulierung von Arbeit, Sexualleben, Disziplin der Menschen, etc. Viele dieser Vorschriften, wie die Sabbathruhe, Beschneidung, <ref name=circ>[http://medicirc.org/ Circumcision Information Site]</ref><ref name=Morris>Morris, Brian. "[http://www.circumstitions.com/Morris.html Medical Benefits from Circumcision]," with annotations offered in rebuttal. December, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>, Gesetze, die die Nahrung betreffen (Verbot von Blut und Schweinefleisch), Maßnahmen bezüglich Menstruation und Wöchnerinnen, <ref name=Ben-Noun>Ben-Noun LL. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12475597&dopt=Abstract What is the Biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding]?" ''Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.'' 2003 Jan 10, 106(1):99-101. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Gonorröh-Kranken, Isolation von Leprakranken, Camphygiene, sind, in Anbetracht des klimatischen Konditionen, überraschend vernünftig. <ref name=Neuberger>Neuburger, Max. ''History of Medicine''. Oxford University Press, 1910, Vol. I, p. 38.</ref>"''
 
  
Gemäß Dr. Harold Spinka und der Wycliff Bibel-Enzyklopädie, beschreibt biblische Lepra eine Vielzahl von Zuständen. Dr. Spinka schreibt, dass neben der modernen Lepra (Hansens Krankheit), die biblische Lepra verschiedene Hautkrankheiten, Syphilis und Pocken beinhalten.<ref name=Spinka>Spinka, Harold M., MD. "[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1959/JASA3-59Spinka.html Leprosy in Ancient Hebraic Times]." ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' (JASA), XI, March 1959, 17-22. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> (Experten sind sich uneinig, ob biblische Lepra auch die moderne Lepra einschließt.) <ref name=Wycliffe1>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Diseases", page 461, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref><ref name=Wycliffe2>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Leper, leprosy", pages 461, 1026-1027, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref> Die Wycliffe Bibel-Enzyklopädie und das Journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine argumentieren, dass biblische Lepra auch Schimmel enthalten könnte. Darauf wird im folgenden noch näher eingegangen. <ref name=Heller>Heller RM, Heller TW, and Sasson JM. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14593226&dopt=Abstract , Mold: 'tsara'at,' Leviticus, and the history of a confusion]." ''Perspect Biol Med.'' 2003 Fall; 46(4):588-91. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>)
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''"Die Gebote betreffen Prophylaxe und Unterdrückung von Epidemien, <ref name=Wise2>Wise, David A. "[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v17/i1/medicine.asp  Modern medicine? It's not so modern]!" ''Creation ex nihilo'', December 1994, 17(1):46-49. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Vorbeugung von Geschlechtskrankheiten und Prostitution, Hautpflege, Bäder, <ref name=Garner>Garner, Carl B. "[http://www.swsbs.edu/pages/writings/Garner/disease.html WASH YOUR HANDS]!" Southwest School of Bible Study, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Nahrung, Unterkunft und Kleidung, Regulierung von Arbeit, Sexualleben, Disziplin der Menschen, etc. Viele dieser Vorschriften, wie die Sabbathruhe, Beschneidung, <ref name=circ>[http://medicirc.org/ Circumcision Information Site]</ref><ref name=Morris>Morris, Brian. "[http://www.circumstitions.com/Morris.html Medical Benefits from Circumcision]," with annotations offered in rebuttal. December, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>, Gesetze, die die Nahrung betreffen (Verbot von Blut und Schweinefleisch), Maßnahmen bezüglich Menstruation und Wöchnerinnen, <ref name=Ben-Noun>Ben-Noun LL. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12475597&dopt=Abstract What is the Biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding]?" ''Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.'' 2003 Jan 10, 106(1):99-101. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Gonorröh-Kranken, Isolation von Leprakranken, Lagerhygiene, sind, in Anbetracht der klimatischen Konditionen, überraschend vernünftig." <ref name=Neuberger>Neuburger, Max. ''History of Medicine''. Oxford University Press, 1910, Vol. I, p. 38.</ref>''
  
Dr. Harols Spanka schrieb in Bezug auf das levitische Gesetz über Lepra: ''"Die Inspektion des Buches [[Levitikus]] im [[Alten Testament]] zeigt, dass Priester sowohl für ansteckende Krankheiten, als auch das moralische und religiöse Wohlergehen der Nation verantwortlich waren. Eine differenzierte Diagnose zwischen ansteckenden und nichtansteckenden Krankheiten ist relativ modern."''<ref name=Spinka/>
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Gemäß Dr. Harold Spinka und der Wycliff Bibel-Enzyklopädie, beschreibt biblische Lepra eine Vielzahl von Zuständen. Dr. Spinka schreibt, dass neben der modernen Lepra (Hansens Krankheit), die biblische Lepra verschiedene Hautkrankheiten, Syphilis und Pocken einschließt.<ref name=Spinka>Spinka, Harold M., MD. "[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1959/JASA3-59Spinka.html Leprosy in Ancient Hebraic Times]." ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' (JASA), XI, March 1959, 17-22. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> (Experten sind sich sogar uneinig, ob biblische Lepra überhaupt die moderne Lepra einschließt.) <ref name=Wycliffe1>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Diseases", page 461, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref><ref name=Wycliffe2>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Leper, leprosy", pages 461, 1026-1027, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref> Die Wycliffe Bibel-Enzyklopädie und das Journal ''Perspectives in Biological Medicine'' argumentieren, dass biblische Lepra auch Schimmel enthalten könnte.<ref name=Heller>Heller RM, Heller TW, and Sasson JM. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14593226&dopt=Abstract , Mold: 'tsara'at,' Leviticus, and the history of a confusion]." ''Perspect Biol Med.'' 2003 Fall; 46(4):588-91. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>)
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Dr. Harold Spinka schrieb in Bezug auf das levitische Gesetz über Lepra: ''"Die Inspektion des Buches [[Levitikus]] im [[Alten Testament]] zeigt, dass Priester sowohl für ansteckende Krankheiten, als auch das moralische und religiöse Wohlergehen der Nation verantwortlich waren. Eine differenzierte Diagnose zwischen ansteckenden und nichtansteckenden Krankheiten ist relativ modern."<ref name=Spinka/>''
  
 
Ähnlich schreibt Arturo Castiglioni in ''Eine Geschichte der Medizin'':  
 
Ähnlich schreibt Arturo Castiglioni in ''Eine Geschichte der Medizin'':  
''"Die Gesetze gegen Lepra in Levitikus 13 können als das erste Model von sanitären Regulengen betrachtet werden."''<ref name=Castiglioni>Castiglioni, Arturo, ''A History or Medicine'', 2nd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958, pages 70-71.</ref>
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''"Die Gesetze gegen Lepra in Levitikus 13 können als das erste Model von sanitären Regelungen betrachtet werden."''<ref name=Castiglioni>Castiglioni, Arturo, ''A History or Medicine'', 2nd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958, pages 70-71.</ref>
  
 
Castiglioni schreibt weiter:  
 
Castiglioni schreibt weiter:  
 
''"Die Studie biblischer Texte scheint zu beweisen, dass die alten semitischen Völker, in Übereinstimmung mit modernen Grundsätzen der Epidemiologie, der Übertragung von Krankheiten durch Tieren wie Ratten und Fliegen mehr Bedeutung beimaßen, als duch ansteckende Einzelpersonen."''<ref name=Castiglioni/>
 
''"Die Studie biblischer Texte scheint zu beweisen, dass die alten semitischen Völker, in Übereinstimmung mit modernen Grundsätzen der Epidemiologie, der Übertragung von Krankheiten durch Tieren wie Ratten und Fliegen mehr Bedeutung beimaßen, als duch ansteckende Einzelpersonen."''<ref name=Castiglioni/>
  
In seinem Buch, ''None of These Diseases', screibt S.I. McMillan, dass der optimale Zeitpunkt für eine Beschneidung, aus medizinischer Sicht, am 8. Tag ist.<ref name=Thompson>Thompson, Bert, PhD. "[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2204 Biblical Accuracy and Circumcision on the 8th Day]." Apologetics Press, 1993. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> In {{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=17|verses=12}} gebot Gott Abraham männliche Babys am 8. Tag ihres Lebens zu beschneiden.  
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In seinem Buch, ''None of These Diseases'' schreibt S.I. McMillan, dass der optimale Zeitpunkt für eine Beschneidung, aus medizinischer Sicht, am 8. Tag ist.<ref name=Thompson>Thompson, Bert, PhD. "[http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2204 Biblical Accuracy and Circumcision on the 8th Day]." Apologetics Press, 1993. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> In {{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=17|verses=12}} gebot Gott Abraham männliche Babys am 8. Tag ihres Lebens zu beschneiden.  
  
Das mosaische Gesetz führte ein revolutionelles neues Prinzip ein, um menschliche Stärke zu bewahren. Das Gesetz sieht einen Ruhetag pro Woche vor.({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=20|verses=8-10}}) Dieses Gesetz galt für alle im Land, Sklaven eingeschlossen. Der Medizinhistoriker, Karl Sudhoff, sagte:  
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Das mosaische Gesetz führte ein revolutionelles neues Prinzip ein, um menschliche Stärke zu bewahren. Das Gesetz sieht einen Ruhetag pro Woche vor ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=20|verses=8-10}}). Dieses Gesetz galt für alle im Land, Sklaven eingeschlossen. Der Medizinhistoriker, Karl Sudhoff, sagte:  
 
''"Hätte das Judentum der Menschheit nichts gebracht außer einen Ruhetag pro Woche, so sollten wir dennoch genötigt sein, es als einen der größten Wohltäter der Menschheit zu ehren."''<ref name=Roth>Cecil Roth, ''The Jewish Contribution to Civilisation'', East and West Library, London, 3rd edition, 1956.</ref>
 
''"Hätte das Judentum der Menschheit nichts gebracht außer einen Ruhetag pro Woche, so sollten wir dennoch genötigt sein, es als einen der größten Wohltäter der Menschheit zu ehren."''<ref name=Roth>Cecil Roth, ''The Jewish Contribution to Civilisation'', East and West Library, London, 3rd edition, 1956.</ref>
  
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Ein ungarischer Doktor des 19. Jahrhunderts, [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], verstand  
 
Ein ungarischer Doktor des 19. Jahrhunderts, [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], verstand  
die Eindämmung von tötlichen Infektionskrankheiten durch waschen. Trotz seiner großen Versuche, die Mediziner dazu zu bringen, sich danach zu richten, wiederstrebte diese und Dr. Semmelweis brach schließlich zusammen und beging Selbstmord.<ref name=Harder>Harder, Eugene P., pastor. "[http://www.newhope.bc.ca/98-01-11.htm  The Medical Accuracy of the Bible]." New Hope Community Church, British Columbia, Canada January 11, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Die alten Israeliten hingegen wuschen sich unter "laufendem Wasser", wenn sie mit Menschen , die unter Ansteckenden Krankheiten litten oder von ihnen berührten Gegenständen, zu tun hatten. In Levitikus steht zum Beispiel geschrieben:  
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die Eindämmung von tötlichen Infektionskrankheiten durch waschen. Trotz seiner großen Versuche, die Mediziner dazu zu bringen, sich danach zu richten, wiederstrebten diese.<ref name=Harder>Harder, Eugene P., pastor. "[http://www.newhope.bc.ca/98-01-11.htm  The Medical Accuracy of the Bible]." New Hope Community Church, British Columbia, Canada January 11, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Die alten Israeliten hingegen wuschen sich unter "laufendem Wasser", wenn sie mit Menschen, die unter Ansteckenden Krankheiten litten oder von ihnen berührten Gegenständen, zu tun hatten. In Levitikus steht zum Beispiel geschrieben:  
{{Bible quote|Und wenn er rein wird von seinem Fluss, so soll er sieben Tage zählen, nachdem er rein geworden ist, und dann seine Kleider waschen und sich mit frischem Wasser abwaschen, so ist er rein.|book=Leviticus|chap=15|verses=13}}
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{{Bible quote|Und wenn er rein wird von seinem Fluss, so soll er sieben Tage zählen, nachdem er rein geworden ist, und dann seine Kleider waschen und sich mit frischem Wasser abwaschen, so ist er rein.|book=Levitikus|chap=15|verses=13}}
  
 
Im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg starben mehr als 50% der Toten nicht an Kampfhandlungen, sondern durch Lagerkrankheiten, wie Typhoid, [[Pneumonia]], [[Ruhr]], und Kinderkrankheiten, wie [[Masern]] und [[Windpocken]].  
 
Im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg starben mehr als 50% der Toten nicht an Kampfhandlungen, sondern durch Lagerkrankheiten, wie Typhoid, [[Pneumonia]], [[Ruhr]], und Kinderkrankheiten, wie [[Masern]] und [[Windpocken]].  
''"Tausende starben an relativ harmlosen Kampfwunden, die sich infizierten. Es war nichts darüber bekannt, warum und wie sich Wunden infizierten...Die Anzahl der Männer, die einfach erkrankten und starben, oder die durch einen harmlosen Kratzer oder Schnitt eine Infektion erlitten und nichts gegen die folgende infektion unternehmen konnten, war entsetzlich."''<ref name=Catton>Bruce Catton, ''Reflections on the Civil War'', Berkeley, New York, 1982, p. 43.</ref>
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''"Tausende starben an relativ harmlosen Kampfwunden, die sich infizierten. Es war nichts darüber bekannt, warum und wie sich Wunden infizierten...Die Anzahl der Männer, die einfach erkrankten und starben, oder die durch einen harmlosen Kratzer oder Schnitt eine Infektion erlitten und nichts gegen die folgende Infektion unternehmen konnten, war entsetzlich."''<ref name=Catton>Bruce Catton, ''Reflections on the Civil War'', Berkeley, New York, 1982, p. 43.</ref>
  
 
In seinem Werk ''Eine Geschichte der Medizin'', schrieb Arturo Castiglioni:
 
In seinem Werk ''Eine Geschichte der Medizin'', schrieb Arturo Castiglioni:
 
''"Die Regulierung im 5. Buch Mose, wie Soldaten der Gefahr von Infektionen durch ihre Exkremente durch deren Abdeckung mit Erde vorbeugen sollen, bildet ein äußerst wichtiges Dokument sanitärer Vorschriften."''<ref name=Castiglioni2>Castiglioni, ''op. cit.'', p. 70</ref>
 
''"Die Regulierung im 5. Buch Mose, wie Soldaten der Gefahr von Infektionen durch ihre Exkremente durch deren Abdeckung mit Erde vorbeugen sollen, bildet ein äußerst wichtiges Dokument sanitärer Vorschriften."''<ref name=Castiglioni2>Castiglioni, ''op. cit.'', p. 70</ref>
  
Das mosaische Gesetzbuch hatte auch Vorsehungen bezüglich des Erhalts natürlicher Ressourcen, die für jene Zeit als fortschrittlich betrachtet werden können. Diese beinhalten Bäume, ({{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomy|chap=20|verses=19-20}} und Vögel ({{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomie|chap=22|verses=6-7}}).
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Das mosaische Gesetzbuch hatte auch Vorsehungen bezüglich des Erhalts natürlicher Ressourcen, die für jene Zeit als fortschrittlich betrachtet werden können. Diese beinhalten Bäume, ({{Bible ref|book=5.Mose|chap=20|verses=19-20}} und Vögel ({{Bible ref|book=5.Mose|chap=22|verses=6-7}}).
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==Die Macht Studie zur tierischen Giftigkeit und Andere Studien/Untersuchungen==
 
==Die Macht Studie zur tierischen Giftigkeit und Andere Studien/Untersuchungen==

Version vom 10. Dezember 2011, 10:36 Uhr

Scientific foreknowledge in the Bible
101 wissenschaftliche Fakten und Vorwissen - Buy it

Wissenschaftliches Vorwissen der Bibel ist die Behauptung, dass die Menschen zu der Zeit als die Bibel entstand, viel weitergehende wissenschaftliche Kenntnisse hatten, als wir heute glauben. Die Existenz solches Vorwissens wird im Allgemeinen der Schöpfung zugeschrieben. Die ersten Menschen, Adam und Eva, wurden als erwachsene Menschen geschaffen und Gott gab ihnen Wissen, dass sie ihren Nachkommen weitergaben. Ein großer Teil dieses Wissens ging im Laufe der Zeit verloren und wurde durch die wissenschaftliche Revolution wiederentdeckt.

Das wissenschaftliche Niveau in den biblischen Texten ist dem anderer gleichzeitig lebender Kulturen weit voraus. Zudem gibt ein sorgfältiges Studium der Texte auch heute noch hilfreiche Diät- und Gesundheitshinweise. Biblisches Vorwissen wird als Argument für die Unfehlbarkeit der Bibel angesehen.

Dieser Anspruch wurde von Skeptikern häufig zurückgewiesen. Sie glauben, dass die Informationen durch menschliche Forschung entdeckt wurden und zu jener Zeit Allgemeinwissen waren. In anderen Fällen wird argumentiert, dass viele Sachen nur aus religiösen Gründen ausgeführt wurden oder dass die wissenschaftlichen Fakten auf aus dem Kontext gegriffenen post-hoc historischen Interpretationen bestehen. Die Skeptiker bestehen zum Teil sowohl aus Christen als auch aus Juden, (oftmals aus liberalen Denominationen).

Historischer Kontext

Die Torah (die ersten fünf Bücher des Alten Testaments) wurden in den 40 Jahren nach dem Auszug aus Ägypten geschrieben. Dieses Ereignis geschah nach Meinung von James Ussher im Jahr 1491 vor Chr. oder, wie von Edwin Thiele vorgeschlagen, im Jahr 1446 vor Chr. Zu dieser Zeit hatten viele antike Zivilisationen medizinische Dokumente (z.B. die ägyptischen Dokumente - Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, Eber Papyrus und Hearst Papyrus), öffentliche Sanitäreinrichtungen, [1] und schriftliche Rechtsvorschriften, wie der Hammarabi Code [2]. Die Gelehrten sind sich uneins über die Exaktheit und Methoden der Datierung dieser Zivilisationen und wann verschiedene Ereignisse stattfanden.[3][4][5][6]

Die chirurgischen Prozeduren, die in dem ägyptischen Edwin Smith Papyrus beschrieben werden, waren für jene Zeit ziemlich rational, [7] obwohl der Text, nach Aussage der medizinischen Akademie New York, auch eine magische Beschwörung gegen die Pest und eine Vorschrift für eine Faltenentfernung, die einen alten Mann zu einem Jünglich macht, beinhaltet. [8][9] Ebenso enthält das Eberspapyrus neben den Hinweisen auf rationale Medizin auch verschiedene ineffektive Praktiken (Beschwörungen). Weitere Beispiele zu den Errungenschaften und Nachteilen bzw. Unzulänglichkeiten finden sich in Michael D. Parkins Paper. [10] Er berichtet, dass 72 % der 269 medizischen Vorschriften im Hearst Papyrus keine heilende Wirkung hatten.

Gesundheit und Medizin in der Bibel

Moses: Der erste Autor zum Thema Gesundheit von Jay Nelson - Buy it

Viele der Gesundheitspraktiken des mosaischen Textes zeigen bemerkenswerte Voraussicht. Das mosaische Gesetz verschreibt solide medizinische Prävention, während die medizinischen Dokumente der ägyptischen Nachbarn eine Mischung aus vernünftigen und unwirksamen Praktiken darstellen. [11][12]

Max Neuberger, schreibt in seiner "Geschichte der Medizin":

"Die Gebote betreffen Prophylaxe und Unterdrückung von Epidemien, [13] Vorbeugung von Geschlechtskrankheiten und Prostitution, Hautpflege, Bäder, [14] Nahrung, Unterkunft und Kleidung, Regulierung von Arbeit, Sexualleben, Disziplin der Menschen, etc. Viele dieser Vorschriften, wie die Sabbathruhe, Beschneidung, [15][16], Gesetze, die die Nahrung betreffen (Verbot von Blut und Schweinefleisch), Maßnahmen bezüglich Menstruation und Wöchnerinnen, [17] Gonorröh-Kranken, Isolation von Leprakranken, Lagerhygiene, sind, in Anbetracht der klimatischen Konditionen, überraschend vernünftig." [18]


Gemäß Dr. Harold Spinka und der Wycliff Bibel-Enzyklopädie, beschreibt biblische Lepra eine Vielzahl von Zuständen. Dr. Spinka schreibt, dass neben der modernen Lepra (Hansens Krankheit), die biblische Lepra verschiedene Hautkrankheiten, Syphilis und Pocken einschließt.[19] (Experten sind sich sogar uneinig, ob biblische Lepra überhaupt die moderne Lepra einschließt.) [20][21] Die Wycliffe Bibel-Enzyklopädie und das Journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine argumentieren, dass biblische Lepra auch Schimmel enthalten könnte.[22])

Dr. Harold Spinka schrieb in Bezug auf das levitische Gesetz über Lepra: "Die Inspektion des Buches Levitikus im Alten Testament zeigt, dass Priester sowohl für ansteckende Krankheiten, als auch das moralische und religiöse Wohlergehen der Nation verantwortlich waren. Eine differenzierte Diagnose zwischen ansteckenden und nichtansteckenden Krankheiten ist relativ modern."[19]

Ähnlich schreibt Arturo Castiglioni in Eine Geschichte der Medizin: "Die Gesetze gegen Lepra in Levitikus 13 können als das erste Model von sanitären Regelungen betrachtet werden."[23]

Castiglioni schreibt weiter: "Die Studie biblischer Texte scheint zu beweisen, dass die alten semitischen Völker, in Übereinstimmung mit modernen Grundsätzen der Epidemiologie, der Übertragung von Krankheiten durch Tieren wie Ratten und Fliegen mehr Bedeutung beimaßen, als duch ansteckende Einzelpersonen."[23]

In seinem Buch, None of These Diseases schreibt S.I. McMillan, dass der optimale Zeitpunkt für eine Beschneidung, aus medizinischer Sicht, am 8. Tag ist.[24] In Genesis 17:12 gebot Gott Abraham männliche Babys am 8. Tag ihres Lebens zu beschneiden.

Das mosaische Gesetz führte ein revolutionelles neues Prinzip ein, um menschliche Stärke zu bewahren. Das Gesetz sieht einen Ruhetag pro Woche vor (Exodus 20:8-10 ). Dieses Gesetz galt für alle im Land, Sklaven eingeschlossen. Der Medizinhistoriker, Karl Sudhoff, sagte: "Hätte das Judentum der Menschheit nichts gebracht außer einen Ruhetag pro Woche, so sollten wir dennoch genötigt sein, es als einen der größten Wohltäter der Menschheit zu ehren."[25]

Peter Baldwin schrieb in seinem Werk Contagion and the State in Europe, 1830–1930, dass der Ruhetag, der im Pentateuch verordnet wurde, eine öffentliche Hygienemaßnahme war (Erschöpfung kann Individuen anfällig für Krankhaiten machen).[26] Gemäß H. Kawato, sterben in Japan ca. 10.000 Arbeiter pro Jahr an Überarbeitung. [27]

Ein ungarischer Doktor des 19. Jahrhunderts, Ignaz Semmelweis, verstand die Eindämmung von tötlichen Infektionskrankheiten durch waschen. Trotz seiner großen Versuche, die Mediziner dazu zu bringen, sich danach zu richten, wiederstrebten diese.[28] Die alten Israeliten hingegen wuschen sich unter "laufendem Wasser", wenn sie mit Menschen, die unter Ansteckenden Krankheiten litten oder von ihnen berührten Gegenständen, zu tun hatten. In Levitikus steht zum Beispiel geschrieben:

Und wenn er rein wird von seinem Fluss, so soll er sieben Tage zählen, nachdem er rein geworden ist, und dann seine Kleider waschen und sich mit frischem Wasser abwaschen, so ist er rein. Levitikus 15:13

Im amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg starben mehr als 50% der Toten nicht an Kampfhandlungen, sondern durch Lagerkrankheiten, wie Typhoid, Pneumonia, Ruhr, und Kinderkrankheiten, wie Masern und Windpocken. "Tausende starben an relativ harmlosen Kampfwunden, die sich infizierten. Es war nichts darüber bekannt, warum und wie sich Wunden infizierten...Die Anzahl der Männer, die einfach erkrankten und starben, oder die durch einen harmlosen Kratzer oder Schnitt eine Infektion erlitten und nichts gegen die folgende Infektion unternehmen konnten, war entsetzlich."[29]

In seinem Werk Eine Geschichte der Medizin, schrieb Arturo Castiglioni: "Die Regulierung im 5. Buch Mose, wie Soldaten der Gefahr von Infektionen durch ihre Exkremente durch deren Abdeckung mit Erde vorbeugen sollen, bildet ein äußerst wichtiges Dokument sanitärer Vorschriften."[30]

Das mosaische Gesetzbuch hatte auch Vorsehungen bezüglich des Erhalts natürlicher Ressourcen, die für jene Zeit als fortschrittlich betrachtet werden können. Diese beinhalten Bäume, (5.Mose 20:19-20 und Vögel (5.Mose 22:6-7 ).






Die Macht Studie zur tierischen Giftigkeit und Andere Studien/Untersuchungen

Im Jahr 1953 führte Dr. David I. Macht, Giftigkeitstests an vielen verschiedenen Arten von Tieren und Fischen durch und schlussfolgerte, dass die Giftigkeit der levitisch "unreinen" Tiere höher war, als die der "reinen" Tiere, und das die Korrelation mit der Beschreibung in Levitikus 100 % betrug.[31] Im Bezug auf die Klassifikation von reinen (kosher) und unreinen Tieren, entsprach Machts Studie der Einordnung von James W. Atz, Ph.D., Direktor und Hauptbibliograph am Department der Ichthyologie des amerikanischen Museums der Nautrgeschichte New York, und Biologieprofessir an der Graduate School of Arts and Science an der Universität New York. Dr. Atz's Liste von kosheren und unreinen Tieren wurde von der Orthodoxen Vereinigung im Kosher Guide und in der Orthodox Union Kosher Consumer Directory veröffentlicht.[32] Dr. Macht schreibt in dem Peer-Review Journal Science, dass der Toxikologietest, den er verwendet, eine zuverlässige Methode ist um zoologische Gifte zu entdecken, und somit auch für Giftvorkommen in Fischen, Fleisch und Geflügel geeignet ist.[33] (Die toxikologische Methode, die Dr. Macht benutzte, wurde auch imJournal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine zitiert.[34] Zudem war Dr. Macht ein Expert in Kobra Gift, welches ein zoologisches Gift ist. In der kurzen Frist hat es häufig keine dramatischen Gesundheitseffekte, nicht-koshere Speisen zu essen. Die Araber, die nicht kosher essen, halten Kamelfleisch für eine Delikatesse - und offensichtlich überleben sie den Verzehr. Auf lange Sicht jedoch ist die Frage ob kosher oder nicht kosher besser ist, nicht geklärt. Zudem hat nicht-kosheres Essen einige Nährwert-Vorteile. So beinhalten Shrimps und Schweinefleisch zum Beispiel Protein. Im Neuen Testament heißt es dazu:

Denn alles, was Gott geschaffen hat, ist gut, und nichts ist verwerflich, was mit Danksagung empfangen wird; denn es wird geheiligt durch das Wort Gottes und Gebet. 1.Timotheus 4:4-5

In Bezug auf die zuvor genannten Verse kann argumentiert werden, dass Gebet Nahrung heiligt. Die Bibel beinhaltet auch viele Verse über Gottes Schutz. Ebenso könnte argumentiert werden, dass die Vorteile die Nachteile in allen Nahrungsmitteln übersteigen, und somit alles gut ist. So enthalten auch viele Nahrungsmittel, die in der Torah als unrein gelten, wichtige Nährstoffe. Welche Ernährung aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht optimal ist, ist oft umstritten. Dies gilt auch im Bezug auf kosheres und nicht-kosheres Essen. Aus christlich theologischer Sicht sollte die Nahrung kein Hindernis sein, Christ zu werden. Orthodoxe Christen glauben, dass Gläubige Nahrung, die im Alten Testament als |unrein galt, zu sich nehmen können. Vergleiche 1.Timotheus 4:4-5 und Galater 2:7-16 .

Neben der bereits erwähnten Studie von David Macht, entdeckte er auch Hinweise darauf, dass die Kombination von Milch und Fleisch dazu neigte, mehr Gifte zu produzieren, als die beiden Lebensmittel einzelnd genommen.[35] Zudem verglich er die herkömmliche und koshere Art, Tiere zu schlachten und beobachtete, dass die koshere Weise ebenfalls weniger toxisches Fleisch hervorbrachte.[35]

Eine Studie von Nanji und French aus dem Jahr 1985 fand einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen Zirrhosis und Schweinefleischkonsum.[36] Moderne Methoden der Schweinefleischproduktion unterscheiden sich von denen der Antike, so dass sich das Ergebnis der Studie schwer auf alte Zeiten oder organische Farmen übertragen lässt, die ohne Hormone und Antibiotika arbeiteten.

Heutzutage empfehlen einige "Alternative Mediziner" ihren Patienten, kein Schweinefleisch zu essen. Ihre Gründe sind dass das Fleisch potentiell Hormone, Antibiotika und Pestizide enthält, sowie die Tatsache, dass Schweine nahezu alles fressen. Joseph Mercola, der eine Privatpraxis in alternativer Medizin hat, schreibt: "Schweine sind Assfresser und fressen so ziemlich alles. Ihr Appetit für ungenießbares Essen macht sie zu einer Brutstätte für potentiell gefährliche Infektionen. Selbst wenn Schweinefleisch lang gekocht wird, reicht dies häufig nicht aus, um viele Retrovieren und andere Parasiten zu töten, die viele der Schweine haben."[37]

Dr. Mercola empfiehlt nicht einmal auf Weiden herangezogene Schweine, denn Wildschweine infizieren die Herden oft mit Trichinella spiralis oder anderen Parasiten.[37]



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Indoor Air Pollution

As mentioned above, the Wycliffe Bible Encylopedia and the journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine state that Biblical leprosy can include mold.[22]

In the United States, indoor air pollution became a concern to many in the 1970's.[38] Experts such as the The Environmental Protection Agency consider mold to sometimes have very negative effects on people.[22][38][39][40]

According to Ellen McCrady, the very first mention of mold and mold cleanup is in the Bible.[41]

The book of Leviticus has a declaration regarding a plague of Biblical leprosy which could be considered another example of Bible scientific foreknowledge:

And the priest shall come again on the seventh day and look; and indeed if the plague has spread on the walls of the house, then the priest shall command that they take away the stones in which is the plague, and they shall cast them into an unclean place outside the city. And he shall cause the house to be scraped inside, all around, and the dust that they scrape off they shall pour out in an unclean place outside the city. Then they shall take other stones and put them in the place of those stones, and he shall take other mortar and plaster the house. Now if the plague comes back and breaks out in the house, after he has taken away the stones, after he has scraped the house, and after it is plastered, then the priest shall come and look; and indeed if the plague has spread in the house, it is an active leprosy in the house. It is unclean. And he shall break down the house, its stones, its timber, and all the plaster of the house, and he shall carry them outside the city to an unclean place. Moreover he who goes into the house at all while it is shut up shall be unclean until evening. And he who lies down in the house shall wash his clothes, and he who eats in the house shall wash his clothes. But if the priest comes in and examines it, and indeed the plague has not spread in the house after the house was plastered, then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed. Leviticus 14:39-48

Vegetarianism

Non-Meat-Eating Lions and the Bible

And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the sky and to every thing that moves on the earth which has life, I have given every green plant for food; and it was so. Genesis 1:30 (NASB)

The Strong's concordance renders the Hebrew word oklah as food/meat.[42] Isaiah 11:6 and Isaiah 65:25 speaks of a time where carnivores would live peaceably with non-carnivores.

A vegetarian lion has been described. The lion, named Little Tyke, as a young lion refused to eat meat and would eat only milk, eggs, and cooked grain. Little Tyke has been cited as a case of Bible scientific foreknowledge.[43][44][45][46] Little Tyke is reported to have lived peacably with lambs and other herbivores. In addition it is reported that "she astonished the nation with appearances on television showing affection to baby chickens, kittens, and lambs."[44] A visiting zoo curator apparantly claimed that Little Tyke was the healthiest of her species he ever come across.[43][45]

The lioness Little Tyke did die at the age of 9 due to contracting the virus pneumonia while spending three weeks in Hollywood to film a show, according to a book written by the lion's owners. Some guess the sudden change in climate may have been a contributing factor, but without an autopsy the cause of the death is hard to determine. (The average lifespan of a lion in the wild is up to 16 years. In captivity, they frequently live 10 years beyond that).[47][48] Advocates of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the curator's reported comments about the robust health of the lion and the possibility that climate change induced her illness whereas detractors of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the animal's early death.

Housecats (Felis domestica) will typically refuse to eat bananas. But Professor Wanda Wyrwicka was able to train mother cats to do so by electrically stimulating their hypothalamus. When the kittens saw the mother eating bananas, 15 out of 18 of the kittens also began eat bananas.[49]

The creationist who authors under the pen name John Woodmorappe states: "Van der Pijl has compiled numerous cases of feline herbivory, or plant-eating, such as jaguars and wild cats eating avocado...."[50]

Scientific challenge of non-meat-eating lions: Little Tyke appears very difficult to explain. Normally adult lionesses require an average of 11 pounds of meat per day, and adult males require 15.4 lbs.[48] Without flesh Little Tyke should have developed blindness and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a degenerative disease that turns heart muscles flabby and limits their ability to pump blood on account of a deficiency of taurine.

Little known in the 1950's, research at UC Davis in 1976 proved that taurine is an essential nutrient for felines, the lack of which would cause degeneration of the retina. In addition, later research implicated inadequate taurine levels in dilated cardiomyopathy as well. According to a vegetarian website taurine is non-existent in natural non-animal sources. It is present in minute amounts in milk and eggs. Little Tyke could have gotten her taurine requirement from milk, if she drank 500 gallons per day, or from eggs, if she ate more than 4000 per day.[47]

A criticism of the Little Tyke account is that lions in the wild cannot get milk or eggs readily. However, creationist John Woodmorappe believes that animals will be changed although not necessarily dramatically.[50] Isaiah prophesied,

The nursing child shall play by the cobra’s hole, And the weaned child shall put his hand in the viper’s den. Isaiah 11:8 (NKJV)

The Bible scholars Jamieson, Fausett & Brown thought this verse likely meant that nature would be changed and restored to a state of Eden.[51]

Vegetarianism in humans

Conventional physicians normally regard humans as obligate omnivores. Humans require a substance (Vitamin B12) that is usually available only in animal flesh or dairy sources. Without it, humans suffer from a form of anemia and a form of peripheral neuropathy.[52]

Vitamin B12 is the only essential nutrient that a strict vegetarian might be deficient in. Plants do not synthesize Vitamin B12, though they synthesize all other currently identified vitamins. But plants can obtain it from soils rich in bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and molds. Thus a human can obtain adequate amounts of Vitamin B12 from cultured and fermented beans and from seaweed.[52] The increased prevalence of Vitamin B12 deficiency disease today might therefore be due to the abandonment of traditional organic farming practices in favor of chemical agriculture, which tends to make the soil much poorer in the micro-organisms that produce Vitamin B12.

The Rev. Dr. George Malkmus has devised a dietary regimen—The Hallelujah Diet—that prescribes vegetables and fruits only, and that its practitioners eat at least 85 percent of these foods raw. In his book describing his regimen and the reasons for it, Malkmus maintains that human anatomy has more in common with herbivores than with carnivores or even with omnivores. He further shows that animal flesh of any type will move through the digestive system far more slowly than will fruit or vegetable matter. His Biblical authority for a strict-vegetarian regimen is Genesis 1:29-30 , in which God gave man fruits and vegetables for food. (God did not add meat to the human diet until after the global flood; see Genesis 9:1-3 .)[53]

How Lions Kill Their Prey and the Bible

Until recently, zoologists believed that lions killed their prey by biting through the neck or by breaking the neck with a blow, or cuff, of the paw.[54] But in 1972, George B. Schaller observed lions for himself, for 2,900 man-hours over three years. He also examined their prey to determine the cause of death.

The Bible declares:

The lion is tearing parts [for] his whelps, And is strangling for his lionesses... Nahum 2:12 (YLT)

The literal translation describes the method of killing as "strangled". [54]

Schaller observed:

They [lions] creep up, rush the prey, hook a flank to bring it down, then slowly kill by strangulation. (Reader's Digest, June, 1978)

The necks of the prey were not broken.[54]. Today most zoologists understand that lions kill by strangling their prey. This was not always known—but the Bible clearly states it.[54]

Ants and the Bible

The Bible suggests that “the ant” stores food during harvest for future consumption. Nineteenth-century naturalists insisted that this was wrong.[55] In fact, the ants mentioned in the Bible are harvesting ants. These ants are common in the Middle East but were not known in Europe at the time of the Renaissance. Recent careful study of ants in various regions of the world reveals many species of harvesting ants, thus vindicating the Bible.[55]

The Origin of Languages

Several noted linguists argue that the many different language families can be traced back to a tiny group of distinct proto-languages. This is consistent with God's confusion of languages at the Tower of Babel.[56][57][58][59] Also, the origin of language is a problem for the macroevolution position,[60] and the development of different languages is nothing like biological evolution.[61]

Asteroids

The Apostle John in the book of Revelation prophesied,

And the second angel sounded, and as it were a great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea: and the third part of the sea became blood; And the third part of the creatures which were in the sea, and had life, died; and the third part of the ships were destroyed. Revelation 8:8-9 (KJV)

The idea that enormously large rocks from space occasionally hit Earth and could greatly influence its life was not widely accepted until the 1980s.[62] Catastrophism, including impacts of asteroids, was unfashionable and considered unscientific. It contradicted uniformitarianism which was made popular by Sir Charles Lyell in Principles of Geology (1830-33).

NASA, however, now has its Near Earth Object Program and it is believed that objects such as the one that hit Siberia in 1908 can have catastrophic effects.[63]

The MacArthur Study Bible states regarding the above verse, "Probably a huge meteor or asteroid... Its impact will create a tidal wave, destroying a third of the world's ships. Sea became blood. May refer to an event called red tides, caused by millions of dead micro-organisms poisoning the water - in this case the result of a meteor's collision or it may be actual blood, a clear act of eschatological judgement."[64]

Since context is important in Bible exegesis it is notable that directly preceding the "great mountain burning with fire was cast into the sea" incident of Revelation 8:8-9 is a verse describing how "hail and fire mingled with blood...were cast upon the earth" (Revelation 8:7 ). Subsequent to the "great mountain burning with fire incident,"

the third angel sounded, and there fell a great star from heaven, burning as it were a lamp, and it fell upon the third part of the rivers, and upon the fountains of waters... Revelation 8:10

In short, both the preceding and subsequent verses speak of things falling from high in the sky.

The Earth is Spherical

Isaiah suggests that the earth is spherical and not flat as many people believed long ago.

It is He who sits above the circle of the earth... Isaiah 40:22 (KJV)

The word translated “circle” here is the Hebrew word chuwg which is also translated “circuit,” or “compass” (depending on the context). That is, it indicates something spherical, rounded, or arched—not something that is flat or square. The book of Isaiah was written long before Aristotle even thought of the earth being spherical. This has been cited as a further example of Bible scientific foreknowledge.[65]

Ocean Mountains

Jonah stated the following while in the belly of a whale (great fish in the Hebrew):

The waters compassed me about, [even] to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars [was] about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God. Jonah 2:5-6 (KJV)

Strong's concordance gives the following commentary on the word that is translated bottoms above:

qetseb (keh'-tseb) from 'qatsab' (7094); shape (as if cut out); base (as if there cut off):--bottom, size.[66]

Geologist Harold L. Levin wrote:

Eighteenth-century scientists had little knowledge of the topography of the ocean floors. They lived at a time when depth measurements were made by letting down a lead weight on the end of a rope. Not only was this method time consuming, but in the open ocean it was virtually impossible to prevent error from lateral drifting of the weight, or the ship, or both. As a result of these problems, only a limited number of soundings were made except in bays and offshore areas where such information was vital for safe navigation. Oceanographers interpreted the few measurements available as indicating that the ocean floors were monotonous flat plains. With the advent of continuous topographic profiles from echo-sounding devices, it was shown that the ocean floors are as irregular as the surface of the continents. Beneath the waves lay canyons deeper than the Grand Canyon, and mountain systems more magnificent than the Rockies.[67]

A criticism of this example of Bible Scientific foreknowledge is that some Bible translations (NASB and RSV) translate this verse "roots of the mountains". Roots sometimes go far from the original trees although it could be said that the "roots" of these ocean mountains were close to the source.

The Universe Has a Beginning

Aristotle (ca. 384 BC – 322 BC) thought the universe was eternal. In the 20th century, Fred Hoyle had a eternal universe model.

There are multiple lines of evidence pointing to the conclusion that the universe had a beginning and that the age of the universe is young.[68][69][70] (See also: Cosmic chronology.) One of these lines, and the strongest one at that, is the deduction from the second law of thermodynamics. Based upon this law, the universe needs to be quite young. If the universe had always existed, it would already be dead and cold according to the implications of this law.

Origin of Life

In a modern context, the Bible shows scientific foreknowledge regarding the origin of life, which it states was a miracle. Abiogenesis, the hypothesis that life occured naturally, is completely foundering. Lee Strobel, in his book A Case for Faith, quotes William Bradley as stating:

The optimism of the 1950's is gone. The mood at the 1999 International Conference on Origin of Life was described as grim—full of frustration, pessimism and desperation.

Nobel prize winning Francis Crick (co-discoverer of DNA), in his 1981 book Life Itself, insists that the probability of life's chance origin simply defies calculation. Crick, an atheist, says:

What is so frustrating for our present purpose is that it seems almost impossible to give any numerical value to the probability of what seems a rather unlikely sequence of events... An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle.

Stephen B. Meyer in his essay, DNA BY Design: An Inference To the Best Explanation for the Origin of Biological Information, shows why the naturalistic explanations for the origin of life are entirely bankrupt.[71] There are simply too many obstacles to overcome for the abiogenesis hypothesis, and the information contained in biological organisms speaks of a intelligent designer.[72][73]

Young Earth Creationism

In the current science community environment, which embraces the evolutionary position, young earth creationism could be seen as Bible scientific foreknowledge. Young earth creationist scientists have a number of compelling arguments for young earth creationism,[74][75][76] as well as having a number of compelling arguments against the evolutionary view. One needs to go no further than the Dissent From Darwin list of over 600 Ph.D scientists stating skepticism over "random mutations and selection" being responsible for the biological changes required for evolution.

In the field of astronomy, one can find many examples from scientific literature indicating that the current naturalistic explanations for the planets, solar systems, stars, and universe have failed. (See: Astronomy quotes). The big bang theory has several massive errors in it. One involves antimatter and the need for more of it in our universe. Defenders of this model are not addressing it and are offering yet more speculation. The award-winning essay, Antimatter and the Big Bang, from Answers in Genesis, discusses this flaw in greater detail.

In the field of geology, catastrophism, which young earth creationists have always affirmed, is now recognized as being a normal part of earth's history and is supported by leading scientists in the field such as Dr. John Baumgardner.[77] In anthropology, the evolutionary position offers a poor quality of evidence; reasonable science measures the antiquity of man on a young earth time scale.[78][79] In addition, the fossil record speaks loudly for creationism with stasis and sudden appearances and disappearances of organisms. In fact some invertebrates were more complex and if anything have shown to be devolving from older forms of the same organism.[80] Even the evolutionist Mark Ridley stated in the science journal New Scientist:

In any case, no real evolutionist, whether gradualist or punctuationist, uses the fossil record as evidence in favour of the theory of evolution as opposed to special creation.[81]

Also, the field of genetics shows that the various kinds of animals are fixed. Fruit flies have remained fruit flies in the approximately 100 years of experimentation on them. Certain bacteria such as pseudomonas and flavobacterium, even with acquired mutations, are still identifiable by the same characteristics as when they were first discovered a hundred years prior.

Dinosaurs

The book of Job is considered to be one of the oldest books of the Bible by many scholars. Job describes two large creatures called behemoth and leviathan. Behemoth was obviously as big as a dinosaur as it is described as having a tail like a cedar. Leviathan is an equally massive creature of the sea.

There are sound reasons to identify behemoth with a Sauropod dinosaur and leviathan with the Kronosaurus.[82]

Homosexuality

Given the many diseases associated with homosexuality, the Bible prohibition against homosexuality is arguably one of the many examples where scientific foreknowledge in the Bible was exhibited.

The Throats of Whales

Jonah 1:17 states that Jonah was swallowed by a "great fish".[83][84] A sperm whale is a possible identification for the "great fish" that swallowed Jonah; sperm whales are still spotted in the Mediterranean sea.[85]

Nineteenth century critics often argued that whales have too small a gullet to admit a human and people continue to say it today. In addition, apparently even a popular version of the Bible stated this!

F.T. Bullen wrote:

Indeed, not many years ago a popular M.P., writing to one of the religious papers, allowed himself to say that "science will not hear of a whale with a gullet capable of admitting anything larger than a man’s fist."— a piece of crass ignorance, which is also perpetrated in the appendix to a very widely-distributed edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible. This opinion, strangely enough, is almost universally held....[86]

Pinney (1964) quoted the Director of a museum of natural history:

Many people asked me if the Bible story of Jonah is true. Could a man be swallowed by a whale? So I pushed my body partly down the throat of a dead sixty foot sperm whale. I could just squeeze through. A fat man couldn’t have made it.[87]

Keith Robinson, a senior marine science instructor at Seaworld, has stated that large sperm whales have esophaguses that measure as much as a foot and a half wide. Many men often measure more than a foot and a half across their shoulders, so if the great fish was a sperm whale, Jonah would have to have been of fairly slight build.[88]

Lastly, the miraculous is mentioned throughout the book of Jonah. The survival of Jonah in a "great fish" is itself a miracle, so perhaps Jonah being swallowed also is.[83]


Common Knowledge Argument is Contra-evidence and Implausible

Both believers and skeptics believed that ancient cultures had accumulated a significant body of medical practices based on oral traditions and written manuscripts. The same could be said of other areas in regards to the natural world. Skeptics argue that the Pentateuch is a result of such processes and that Bible scientific foreknowledge is not the result of supernatural inspiration. In addition, some critics of Bible scientific foreknowledge attempt to show that the Pentateuch is a late-written book. They also argue for the earliest possible date for various Egyptian medical documents and claim that the Hebrew medicine is merely a refinement of Egyptian medicine. Critics of Bible scientific foreknowledge point to the Edwin Smith papyrus and the Ebers papyrus, which contain a certain degree of accurate medical knowledge. For example, the Ebers Papyrus gives a surprisingly accurate description of the circulatory system and refers to such things as diabetes mellitus.[89]

Setting aside the issue of document dating for now, supporters of Bible scientific foreknowledge believe that in order to evaluate the issue of Bible scientific foreknowledge one must examine all the evidence and not exclude any evidence. For example, when considering the Edwin Smith Papyrus, Ebers Papyrus and Hearst Papyrus, the aforementioned medical errors must be included as well as the more positive aspects.

Homer's Odyssey states, as was noted above that,

[T]he Egyptians were skilled in medicine more than any other art.[11]

Also added, was that the Egyptians used sewer pharmacology and other practices which the previously mentioned medical experts said could be harmful or were ineffective. As Bruce Allen wrote in his essay, 4 Reasons Why You Should Read the Bible,

Pretty disgusting stuff today, yet you would think that if these culture's medical practices were so respected by the rest of the world, the Bible would just mimic what they taught. But it doesn't! Of all the sacred writings of every major religion in the world, only the Bible sidesteps the errors that pervaded the medical sciences of its time. In fact, scholars are nearly unanimous in attributing the world's first system of sanitary laws to the precepts laid down in the first five books of the Bible.[11]

Ancient medicine is not alone in having errant practices. For example, in 17th and 18th century medicine the practice of bleeding patients was still used.[90] Also, according to the British Medical Journal, only 15% of medical procedures have been reported to be supported by any documentation.[91][92] Given the existence of errant medicine throughout history up to the present day (medicine recalls, lack of documentation, etc.) and the apparent absence of errant medicine from the Pentateuch and an abundance of excellent, very advanced health and sanitation practices, the argument that the Bible contains common knowledge is implausible, even if one grants late dates for the Pentateuch and early dates for the Egyptians.

The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyus is thought by most scholars to date from 1600 BC. These scholars also believe that this ancient medical treatise is a copy of a work dating from c. 3000 BC.[93] Dr. Carol Reeves argued that archaic words in the Edwin Smith Papyrus point to its being copied from an earlier text around 2,500 B.C.[94] The argument from word usage to date a text has failed before according to linguist and Bible scholar Robert Dick Wilson, a scholar who learned 45 ancient languages. In his essay, What is an expert?, Dr. Wilson states that the attempts to date the Old Testament late via alleged anachronisms failed. Of course, word usage may be helpful but one must exercise due diligence and scholarly caution. With that in mind, if late dates for the Ebers Papyrus and Hearst Papyrus were granted, the Ebers Papyrus is commonly dated to about 1550 BC. and the Hearst Papyrus is to 1450 B.C.[95][96]

There are various issues and disagreements between scholars over Egyptian chronology and its reliability, as was mentioned above. The prominent 20th century Egyptologist Gardiner, noting the paucity of historical inscriptions and his apparent belief that Egyptologists have had a tendency to overstate their case, wrote,{{What is proudly advertised as Egyptian history is merely a collection of rags and tatters.[97]}} Other Egyptologists too have expressed reservations about Egyptian chronology. This may have repurcussions elsewhere, since many ancient chronologies are based on the chronolgy of Egypt.[98] With that in mind, some scholars attempt to date the Pentateuch late and deny Mosaic authorship. They argue that the documentary hypothesis is correct. On the other hand conservative scholars believe it lacks external evidence and has unsound foundations.[99][100] Biblical scholars Kenneth Kitchen (a notable Egyptologist and Bible scholar) and Gleason Archer have sharply criticized and rejected the documentary hypothesis using various lines of argument.[101][102][103][104] Dr. Yohanan Aharoni, in his work Canaanite Israel during the Period of Israeli Occupation states that archaeological discoveries show that later authors or editors could not have put together or invented these stories hundreds of years after they happened.[105] Also, Roger N. Whybray, George W. Coats, and Claus Westermann contend that the Joseph story in Genesis 37-50 was a unity.[106] In 1999, Josh McDowell wrote a work entitled New Evidence that Demands a Verdict in which he reviews the arguments of scholars who believe the Documentary hypothesis is invalid. McDowell cites the objections of early scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and cites newer scholars such as Kenneth Kitchen as well.[107] In addition, a team of Israeli and German Bible critics (reported in the Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentaliche Wissenschaft) conducted a computer analysis of the style and language of the Bible. According to the computer analysis there appears to be no question that the Pentateuch is the product of a single author.[105]

Finally, Professor Yechezkel Kaufman, a secular Bible critic, sums it up very well in A History of the Jewish Faith (Hebrew):

Biblical criticism finds itself today in a unique situation. There is a dominant theory, yet no one knows why it dominates. In the history of ideas, theories or concepts based on certain accepted principles often enjoy a disembodied existence long after those principles have been discredited. This is exactly what happened to the scientific study of the Bible in our times ... [In the nineteenth century,] Wellhausen ... based his theories on an interlocking system of proofs that seemed to complement each other, forming layers of solid intellectual foundations upon which he erected the definitive edifice of his ideas. In the meantime, however, these foundations disintegrated one by one. These proofs were refuted outright or at least seriously questioned. The scholars of the Wellhausen school were forced to admit that most of the proofs do not hold up under scrutiny. Nonetheless, they did not abandon the conclusions.[105]

Mary Douglas and Other Views

Mary Douglas argued the Mosaic dietary laws and ceremonial laws were designed as purity laws.[108] Also, there are those who argue that some of the Mosaic laws such as the dietary laws were meant to set apart the Jewish people. The approaches are not mutually exclusive of Bible scientific foreknowledge as purity laws and laws to create separateness can have other reasons behind them such as sanitary and preventative health benefits.

Scholarly Caution and Sources Affirming and Denying Bible Scientific Foreknowledge

The examination of sources regarding the affirming and denying of Bible scientific foreknowledge requires scholarly caution and due dilgence. The investigation of Bible scientific foreknowledge is very much a multidisciplinary endeavor involving both science and Biblical exegesis (which involves knowledge of the Biblical languages, ancient near eastern culture, etc.). Because some sources fail to do their due diligence or fail to reveal all the relevant information a buyer beware attitude is warranted regarding individual sources. As Solomon stated,

The first to plead his case seems right, until another comes and examines him. Proverbs 18:17 (NASB)

Analyzing the common misunderstanding about the exact nature of science and an analysis of scientific truth would benefit all apologists.

References

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