** biblisches Vorwissen redirect
{{Nicht übersetzt}}
Max Neuberger, schreibt in seiner "Geschichte der Medizin":
''"Die Gebote betreffen Prophylaxe und Unterdrückung von Epidemien, <ref name=Wise2>Wise, David A. "[http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v17/i1/medicine.asp Modern medicine? It's not so modern]!" ''Creation ex nihilo'', December 1994, 17(1):46-49. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Vorbeugung von Geschlechtskrankheiten und Prostitution, Hautpflege, Bäder, <ref name=Garner>Garner, Carl B. "[http://www.swsbs.edu/pages/writings/Garner/disease.html WASH YOUR HANDS]!" Southwest School of Bible Study, n.d. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Nahrung, Unterkunft und Kleidung, Regulierung von Arbeit, Sexualleben, Disziplin der Menschen, etc. Viele dieser Vorschriften, wie die Sabbathruhe, Beschneidung, <ref name=circ>[http://medicirc.org/ Circumcision Information Site]</ref><ref name=Morris>Morris, Brian. "[http://www.circumstitions.com/Morris.html Medical Benefits from Circumcision]," with annotations offered in rebuttal. December, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>, Gesetze, die die Nahrung betreffen (Verbot von Blut und Schweinefleisch), Maßnahmen bezüglich Menstruation und Wöchnerinnen, <ref name=Ben-Noun>Ben-Noun LL. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12475597&dopt=Abstract What is the Biblical attitude towards personal hygiene during vaginal bleeding]?" ''Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.'' 2003 Jan 10, 106(1):99-101. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Gonorröh-Kranken, Isolation von Leprakranken, Camphygiene, sind, in Anbetracht des klimatischen Konditionen, überraschend vernünftig. <ref name=Neuberger>Neuburger, Max. ''History of Medicine''. Oxford University Press, 1910, Vol. I, p. 38.</ref>}}"''
Gemäß Dr. Harold Spinka und der Wycliff Bibel-Enzyklopädie, beschreibt biblische Lepra eine Vielzahl von Zuständen. Dr. Spinka schreibt, dass neben der modernen Lepra (Hansens Krankheit), die biblische Lepra verschiedene Hautkrankheiten, Syphilis und Pocken beinhalten.<ref name=Spinka>Spinka, Harold M., MD. "[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1959/JASA3-59Spinka.html Leprosy in Ancient Hebraic Times]." ''Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation'' (JASA), XI, March 1959, 17-22. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> (Experten sind sich uneinig, ob biblische Lepra auch die moderne Lepra einschließt.) <ref name=Wycliffe1>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Diseases", page 461, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref><ref name=Wycliffe2>Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia, 1986, "Leper, leprosy", pages 461, 1026-1027, Moody Bible Press, Chicago, Illinois</ref> Die Wycliffe Bibel-Enzyklopädie und das Journal Perspectives in Biological Medicine argumentieren, dass biblische Lepra auch Schimmel enthalten könnte. Darauf wird im folgenden noch näher eingegangen. <ref name=Heller>Heller RM, Heller TW, and Sasson JM. "[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14593226&dopt=Abstract , Mold: 'tsara'at,' Leviticus, and the history of a confusion]." ''Perspect Biol Med.'' 2003 Fall; 46(4):588-91. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref>)
''"Die Regulierung im 5. Buch Mose, wie Soldaten der Gefahr von Infektionen durch ihre Exkremente durch deren Abdeckung mit Erde vorbeugen sollen, bildet ein äußerst wichtiges Dokument sanitärer Vorschriften."''<ref name=Castiglioni2>Castiglioni, ''op. cit.'', p. 70</ref>
Das mosaische Gesetzbuch hatte auch Vorsehungen bezüglich des Erhalts natürlicher Ressourcen, die für jene Zeit als fortschrittlich betrachtet werden können. Diese beinhalten Bäume, ({{Bible ref|book=Deuteronomy|chap=20|verses=19-20}} und Vögel ({{Bible ref|book=DeuteronomyDeuteronomie|chap=22|verses=6-7}}). ==Die Macht Studie zur tierischen Giftigkeit und Andere Studien/Untersuchungen== Im Jahr 1953 führte [[David Macht|Dr. David I. Macht]], Giftigkeitstests an vielen verschiedenen Arten von Tieren und Fischen durch und schlussfolgerte, dass die Giftigkeit der levitisch [[Reine und unreine Tiere|"unreinen" Tiere]] höher war, als die der [[Reine und unreine Tiere|"reinen" Tiere]], und das die Korrelation mit der Beschreibung in Levitikus 100 % betrug.<ref name=Macht1>Macht, David I., MD. "[http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/Macht1953.pdf An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Levitcus XI and Deuteronomy XIV]." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 27(5):444-450, September-October, 1953. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Im Bezug auf die Klassifikation von reinen (kosher) und unreinen Tieren, entsprach Machts Studie der Einordnung von James W. Atz, Ph.D., Direktor und Hauptbibliograph am Department der Ichthyologie des amerikanischen Museums der Nautrgeschichte New York, und Biologieprofessir an der ''Graduate School of Arts and Science'' an der Universität New York. Dr. Atz's Liste von kosheren und unreinen Tieren wurde von der Orthodoxen Vereinigung im ''Kosher Guide'' und in der ''Orthodox Union Kosher Consumer Directory'' veröffentlicht.<ref name=Atz>Atz, James W., contrib. "[http://www.kashrut.com/articles/fish/ KASHRUT.COM - Kosher and Non-kosher fish]" Scharf Associates, 2008. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Dr. Macht schreibt in dem Peer-Review Journal ''Science'', dass der Toxikologietest, den er verwendet, eine zuverlässige Methode ist um zoologische Gifte zu entdecken, und somit auch für Giftvorkommen in Fischen, Fleisch und Geflügel geeignet ist.<ref name=Macht3>Macht, D.I. , Science 1930, 71 :302</ref> (Die toxikologische Methode, die Dr. Macht benutzte, wurde auch im''Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine'' zitiert.<ref name=Macht2>Macht, D.I. and Macht, M.B. ''Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine'' 1941, 26: 597</ref> Zudem war [[David Macht|Dr. Macht]] ein Expert in Kobra Gift, welches ein zoologisches Gift ist. In der kurzen Frist hat es häufig keine dramatischen Gesundheitseffekte, nicht-koshere Speisen zu essen. Die Araber, die nicht kosher essen, halten Kamelfleisch für eine Delikatesse - und offensichtlich überleben sie den Verzehr. Auf lange Sicht jedoch ist die Frage ob kosher oder nicht kosher besser ist, nicht geklärt. Zudem hat nicht-kosheres Essen einige Nährwert-Vorteile. So beinhalten Shrimps und Schweinefleisch zum Beispiel Protein. Im [[Neuen Testament]] heißt es dazu:{{Bible quote|Denn alles, was Gott geschaffen hat, ist gut, und nichts ist verwerflich, was mit Danksagung empfangen wird;denn es wird geheiligt durch das Wort Gottes und Gebet. |book=1.Timotheus|chap=4|verses=4-5}}
==The Macht study on Animal Toxicity and Other Studies/Investigations==
In 1953 [[David Macht|Dr. David I. Macht]], a Johns Hopkins researcher, conducted toxicity tests on many different kinds of animals and fish and concluded that the toxicity of Levitically [[Clean and unclean animals|"unclean" animals]] was higher than that of the [[Clean and unclean animals|"clean" animals]], and that the correlation with the description in Leviticus was 100%.<ref name=Macht1>Macht, David I., MD. "[http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/Macht1953.pdf An Experimental Pharmacological Appreciation of Levitcus XI and Deuteronomy XIV]." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 27(5):444-450, September-October, 1953. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Macht's study in terms of classifying kosher and non-kosher animals matched the kosher classification performed by James W. Atz, Ph.D., Curator and Dean Bibliographer in the Department of Ichthyology of the American Museum of Natural History, NY, NY and Adjunct Professor of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Science on New York University. Dr. Atz's list of kosher and non-kosher animals was published by the Orthodox Union in Kosher Guide and in the Orthodox Union Kosher Consumer Directory.<ref name=Atz>Atz, James W., contrib. "[http://www.kashrut.com/articles/fish/ KASHRUT.COM - Kosher and Non-kosher fish]" Scharf Associates, 2008. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> According to a list of kosher and non-kosher fish published by the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, deciding what fish have scales, in the Orthodox Jewish community, appears to involve semantics as scales which are not visible to the human eye or scales that cannot be removed without tearing the skin are not considered "scales" in terms of the Torah law for determining which fish are kosher. It appears that Jewish religious authorities do appeal to well known Torah commentators.<ref name=Goldberg>Goldberg, Chaim. "[http://www.kashrut.com/articles/fishfaq/ Consumers’ FAQ’s on Kosher fish]." Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, 2004. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Also, [[David Macht|Dr. Macht's]] classification of swans as kosher is in accordance with the research done at Ohr Somayach Institutions in Jerusalem, Israel.<ref name=ask1>"[http://ohr.edu/ask/ask210.htm Ask the Rabbi - Are swans kosher]?" Ohr Somayach Website, Ohr.edu, October 24, 1998. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> Furthermore, Dr. Macht states in the peer reviewed journal ''Science'' that the toxicology test he used was a reliable method for detecting zoological toxins as it was a toxicology test sensitive to these type of toxins, and therefore one could conclude it was also suitable for testing the toxicity levels of fish, meat, and poultry.<ref name=Macht3>Macht, D.I. , Science 1930, 71 :302</ref> (The toxicological method that Dr. Macht used was also cited in the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine.<ref name=Macht2>Macht, D.I. and Macht, M.B. ''Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine'' 1941, 26: 597</ref> In addition, Dr. Macht was an expert in cobra venom, which is a zoological toxin. Macht's conclusions, however, were challenged by three of his science community peers in a Seventh Day Adventist publication although one partially affirmed his study.<ref name=Harris>Harris, Lester E., Jr. "[http://members.dslextreme.com/users/hollymick/web/ministry-1954-March-p37.htm This Question of Unclean Meats]." Ministry Magazine, March 1953, p37-38. Accessed September 12, 2008.</ref> This was partly due to a likely unfamiliarity with what food is kosher and non-kosher. Also, perhaps they were unfamiliar with the toxicity test Dr. Macht used, and its apparent effectiveness in testing zoological toxins.
In the short term, eating non-kosher food often appears to have no dramatic ill effects in general. For example, the Arabs, who do not eat kosher, consider camel to be a delicacy. Clearly, non-kosher Arabs do not fall dead right after eating camel meat. However, the long term optimality of eating clean versus unclean meat is an unanswered question of science. Also, eating non-kosher foods clearly has some nutritional benefit. For example, shrimp and pork contain protein. The New Testament declares, {{Bible quote|For every creature of God is good, and nothing is to be refused if it is received with thanksgiving; for it is sanctified by the word of God and prayer.|book=1_Timothy|chap=4|verses=4-5|version=NKJV}}
In regard to the aforementioned verse, it could be argued that prayer does sanctify food. The Bible has plenty of verses regarding God's protection. Also, it could be argued that the benefits outweigh the costs in all foods and thus all food is good. Clearly there is some nutritional goodness in foods that the Torah declared unclean (for example, shrimp has protein). What foods are optimal from a empirically tested science viewpoint is often controversial. In short, in regard to eating strictly a kosher diet versus a non-kosher diet, science has no definitive answers at the present time. From a Christian theological point of view, it could be argued that food should not be a impediment to anyone making a decision to become a Christian. It should be noted that orthodox Christian believers in Biblical scientific foreknowledge believe that Christians can eat the food that was declared [[Clean and unclean animals|unclean]] in the Old Testament, and {{Bible ref|book=1_Timothy|chap=4|verses=4-5}} and {{Bible ref|book=Galations|chap=2|verses=7-16}} make this very clear.